How Long Has. The Family Name Been After the Father
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Online Resource [edit | edit source]
- Genealogical Society of Finland. Finnish Genealogy: The Finnish Naming System
- Kai Nikulainen, How to Pronounce Finnish Names
- Nordic Names A website studying given names in the Nordic countries.
- Wiktionary : the gratuitous dictionary. Category:Finnish given names. Finnish names with Swedish equivalents.
- Behind the Proper noun Finnish Names
Introduction [edit | edit source]
Considerable defoliation exists among many people with Finnish ancestry regarding how names are used in Finland and how they should be recorded. This certificate attempts to give background into the historical practices, legislation, and recommended best practices for recording Finnish personal and identify names.
Understanding surnames and given names can help you lot observe and identify your ancestors in genealogical records. In Finnish genealogical research, researching people with a common surname is not always productive because people oft changed their surnames when they moved or for other reasons. With the growth of Finnish nationalism in the beginning of the 1900s many Swedish and other foreign sounding names were changed to Finnish names. For example, Forsman became Koskimies and Widbom became Pajula. These could be directly translations, partial translations, or completely different names.
Information technology is not uncommon to see a person recorded in 1 document with a Swedish name, and a Finnish name in another. This was most likely caused by the preference of the person making the record. As there are very few autograph materials which exist for the general populace it is possible that the name by which they appear in the records was not necessarily the name they used themselves.
Things To Know [edit | edit source]
- Finnish was not the official linguistic communication used in record keeping until 1883. Prior to that engagement records were kept in Swedish.
- During the tardily 19th century people began adopting fixed surnames
- The start law requiring permanent surnames was passed in 1921
- Almost of the population used patronymic surnames which are derived from the male parent's given proper name and a suffix to identify the child's gender, -son, -dotter or -poika (son) or -tytär (daughter)
- Surnames were frequently abbreviated in records
All-time Practices For Recording Names [edit | edit source]
- Surnames which are abbreviated in the records should be recorded fully spelled out
- Farm names bespeak residence, and should be recorded as office of the event locality - not as a surname
- If a person is found in some records with a patronymic surname and family unit name in other records, select one to use equally the primary grade and tape the other equally an alternate name.
Legislative Changes [edit | edit source]
Language Reforms [edit | edit source]
The Finnish writing arrangement was established on Mikael Agricola'due south efforts to ensure that when Finnish was read to illiterate persons they would exist able to recognize and understand it. Dissatisfied with having only Mass available in Finnish he worked diligently to create a translation of the New Testament into Finnish using the original Greek text, Martin Luther's German translation, Erasmus of Rotterdam's Latin New Attestation, and the Swedish Bible of Olaus Petri. Agricola'due south spelling book, Abckira, published in 1543, was his first effort in developing a standard grade of the language. This was followed by Rucouskiria Bibliasta (Prayer Book from the Bible) in 1544; a translation of the New Attestation (Se Wsi Testament) published in 1548; and three additional litugical works in 1549.[1] All of his works were based on the western dialects spoken in Finland (mainly in Turku) and are know equally Old Literary Finnish.
Raising the status of the Finnish language as a truly national language to replace or compete with Swedish began in the 1800s with the publication of the Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot in 1835. Scholars mark this event as the starting time of the transition to Mod Finnish with the introduction of words from eastern dialects, giving the language a broader cultural representation. The writing organisation was standardized with the publication of a Finnish translation of the Bible in the 1850s. Also contributing to this transformation of Finnish into a national language were the efforts of Swedish-built-in Johan Vilhelm Snellman, a powerful promoter of Finnish nationalism who had served equally a lecturer at the University of Helsinki and colleague of Elias Lönnrot, and later as a member of the Senate of Finland and Finance Minister. While serving as Minister he was able to propose and promote the Kielireskripti (Linguistic communication Decree) which was approved on one August 1863 by Tsar Alexander Two which initiated a twenty year period in which Finnish would replace Swedish in all official records. The outset novel published in Finnish was Seven Brothers by Aleksis Kivi in 1870.
Kotimaisten Kielten Keskus (The Establish for the Languages of Finland, Institut för de inhemska spraken) is as part of the Ministry of Education and Culture and provides guidelines to ensure that identify names, government agencies, loanwords, product names, and personal names comply with existing traditions and legislation. The Found maintains an alphabetize (Nimiarkisto) of the names of over 2.7 meg places in Finland as well as a collection of 466,500 proper names taken from the church records indexed by the Genealogical Gild of Finland.[two]
Laws on Personal Names [edit | edit source]
The first law requiring permanent surnames for all Finnish citizens was passed in 1921. This constabulary besides required women to adopt their husband's surname at wedlock. A second law pased in 1930 required all people to use an inherited surname. Additional legislation was passed in 1991 Nimilaki (Proper noun Act) and 1998. The 2017 Etu- ja sukunimilaki (Act on Forenames and Surnames / Swedish: Lag om för- och efternamn) which went into consequence in 2019, requires all Finnish citizens have at least and one no more than than four given names.
Given Names [edit | edit source]
Many Finnish given names are derived from Biblical names, such as Taavetti (David), or the names of saints, such equally Yrjö (George). Names can too be of ancient Finnish origin, (such as Ilmari or Tuulikki), or Swedish origin, (such as Sten or Knut).
When baptized, children were usually given ane or two given names. It was customary to name the oldest boy after the paternal grandfather, the second male child after the maternal grandad, the third son after the father. Naming of daughters followed a like blueprint. Subsequent children may have been named after other relatives or shut family friends who may take served as godparents. If a child died young, it was also common to proper name the next child of the same gender with the aforementioned name.
Naming Patterns [edit | edit source]
A specific naming pattern was very common in Finland and in other parts of Europe until near 1900. Although non always followed strictly, the following design may exist helpful in researching family groups and determining the parents of the mother and father:
- The first son was named after the father'due south father
- The second son was named after the mother's father
- The third son was named subsequently the male parent
- The fourth son was named after the fathers eldest brother
- The first daughter was named subsequently the female parent's mother
- The second daughter was named after the father's female parent
- The third daughter was named later on the mother
- The fourth girl was named after the mothers eldest sis
If the wife'south parents were deceased, or the couple were living on the wife'south parents farm, her parents may accept priority in the naming. Also, if a man'due south married woman passed away, and he remarried, the commencement girl may exist named subsequently the deceased wife.
Children in the Family With the Aforementioned Name [edit | edit source]
Sometimes two or more children inside a family were given the aforementioned name. In some cases it was done because an older child died and the next child of the same gender was given the name. However, two or more children past the same given name could also have lived to adulthood. Do not presume that the starting time child with that aforementioned given name died unless the actual death record is constitute.
Surnames [edit | edit source]
Purlieus showing dissimilar surname practices in Finland.
Before record keeping began, most people had but one name, such as Johan. Equally the population increased, it became necessary to distinguish between individuals with the aforementioned name. The trouble was ordinarily solved by adding descriptive data. Johan the smith became Johan Smed; Johan the son of Matts became Johan Mattsson, or Johan from Huuskotar farm became Johan Huuskoin. At beginning, such "surnames" practical only to one person and non to the whole family unit. After a few generations, these names sometimes became hereditary and were used from male parent to son. Before the twentieth century, women in Finland generally did non assume the hubby'southward surname at matrimony. In vernacular oral communication Finns did not accost each other using patronymics. The natural Finnish way of referring to someone's parentage is to utilize the genitive form, Matin Olli ("Matthew's Olaf") instead of the solemn Olli Matinpoika ("Olaf Matthew's son")[3]
Finnish birth records did not generally identify the surname for newborn infants, just the given name. In creating a surname standard for the International Genealogical Index, the surnames were assigned strictly by whether a parish is classified as a patronymic parish (western) or a fixed surname parish (eastern). Without knowing which mode a parish was classified, it is best to endeavor all known possible variations, such equally patronymic, farm names, and fixed surnames, when searching Historical Records collections and the International Genealogical Index.
Eastern and western Republic of finland take different naming traditions. Both naming community date back to the earliest written sources. There was frequent overlap of these practices in both areas. Following is a cursory description of various types of Finnish surnames according to geographic (east-west) distributions:
- Western Republic of finland (Ahvenanmaa, Häme, Kymi, Turku-Pori, Uusimaa, and Vaasa Counties with the exception of sure parishes). Surnames inverse from generation to generation according to the patronymic naming custom used in Sweden.
- Eastern Finland (Kuopio, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, and Viipuri Counties with the exception of certain parishes). Surnames did non change from generation to generation.
Western Finland [edit | edit source]
Two types of surnames were common in western Republic of finland: patronymic and farm names. A subcontract name could exist used in additional to a patronymic proper noun.
Patronymic Surnames [edit | edit source]
Illustration of the derivation of Swedish-style patronymic surnames
Patronymic surnames were common throughout Republic of finland, but most people in western Finland used only a patronymic surname. Patronymic surnames are based on the father's given name. Swedish patronymics end with -sson (son) or -dotter (daughter). Following this blueprint, Lars, the son of Anders, would be named Lars Andersson; and Maria, the daughter of Anders, would be named Maria Andersdotter. In cases of illegitimacy, a child'southward surname might be based on the mother'south given name. For example, Henrik Mariasson would be the son of Maria.
Although church building records used the Swedish form of the names, Finnish genealogists often convert them to their Finnish equivalents. Patronymic surnames in Finnish end with -poika (son) or -tytär (daughter). For example, Lars Andersson would exist recorded equally Lauri Antinpoika and Maria Andersdotter as Maria Antintytär in Finnish.
In the tardily nineteenth century, patronymic surnames became fixed with each successive generation using the same patronymic surname. As names became fixed, brothers could take different surnames. One may accept elected to use his patronymic surname, while some other may have taken his begetter's patronymic surname. Considering of this, brothers named Sven and Pär, the sons of Lars Andersson, could exist constitute in records with dissimilar surnames. Ane son may be called Sven Andersson (from his male parent'due south patronymic) and the other, Pär Larsson (from his own patronymic).
Eastern Finland [edit | edit source]
Family Names [edit | edit source]
Illustration of the derivation of fixed surnames
The surnames used in eastern Finland are family surnames, which means that they were used in a family from generation to generation. They correspond some of the earliest family surnames of Europe and most of them indicate human relationship or common origin, although this cannot always exist proved with existing sources.
Family unit surnames have certain types of endings: -nen or -ainen/-äinen. For example, Huuskonen and Liimatainen are family surnames. In before records, these names were establish with other endings, such as Huuskoin and Liimatain. Early records also used the feminine ending, -tar. For example, Huuskotar and Huuskoin have feminine and masculine endings, respectively, simply refer to the aforementioned farm.
Eastern Finnish surnames tin can exist grouped into three types:
- Short names, often an animate being (eastward.chiliad., Orava, squirrel; Tikka, woodpecker; Kurki, crane; Orava, squirrel; and Repo, play a trick on)
- Curt names with the catastrophe -nen (e.g., Oravainen, Tikkanen)
- Geographical proper name (including farm names) with the suffix -lainen or -läinen (Savolainen, Hämälainen)[4]
Soldier Names [edit | edit source]
When a soldier enlisted in the army, he was given a new surname. This name stayed with him equally long as he served in the military machine. Often a sure proper noun was associated with the soldier's cottage, and each new soldier assigned to that cottage received the same name. Soldier names pertained just to the soldier himself and not to his family or descendants. After the mid-nineteenth century, all the same, these names frequently became permanent family surnames.
The Swedish armed forces used soldier names to distinguish persons with common patronymic names, such every bit Johansson and Mattsson. The soldier names were usually short, descriptive, and derived from Swedish: examples are Stål (steel), Glad (happy), Kämpe (fighter), Dufva (dove). Nonetheless, in the mid-1800s Finnish linguistic communication soldier names too became popular; examples are Kuula (catechism ball, bullet), Luoti (bullet), Saari (isle).
Other Types of Surnames [edit | edit source]
Likewise using patronymic names, both the nobility and clergy used additional inherited surnames. Nobility surnames are unique family unit surnames, mostly given at the time of ennoblement. The clergy oft assumed surnames with the Latinized catastrophe -ius, such as Alcenius and Rothovius.
In the 1800s artisans and urban tradesmen began to employ their occupations as surnames in either their Finnish or Swedish versions. Examples of these names are Nikkari or Snickare (carpenter) and Mylläri or Möllare (miller). They besides took Swedish compound names, such every bit Söderqvist, Sjöberg, and Lindholm.
Abbreviations [edit | edit source]
In areas where patronymic surname were used information technology was the normal practice to abridge surnames. In a parish where most of the population has a surname ending with -dotter or -sson, recording the name in total would be needlessly redundant.
In parishes where the priest or sexton was recording persons with Finnish names, the abbreviation p. represents poika (son), and t. and tr. stand for tytär (daughter). In records where persons are recorded with Swedish names, the abbreviations d., dr., dtr., are all substitutes for dotter. Likewise, male patronymics are frequently shortened to south, ss, or ssn. For example:
- Maria Jöransdr. (Maria Jöransdotter)
- Eva Bertilintr. (Eva Bertilintytär)
- Juho Mattip. (Juho Mattipoika)
- Mathias Paulss. (Mathias Paulsson)
Abbreviations in the records are not limited to surnames. Some given names are ofttimes abbreviated too. Perhaps the nearly commonly encountered abridgement is in names containing the word Christ, where it is written as X, information technology being a modern siglum of the Greek Χρ, representing the first two letters in the Greek spelling of Christ.
Proper name Frequency [edit | edit source]
A report of the population in southern Finland during the 1850s found the most mutual female given names were Eva, Maria, and Anna, comprising 57% of the females in one parish, and the same three names representing 37% in another. The names Esther and Amanda belonged to another eleven%; with these 5 names existence constitute in 48% of the female population. The most common male person names were Johan/Johannes, Anders, Adam, Matts, and Thomas representing 55% in one parish; and the Johan, David, Matts, Carl, and Henrik comprising 55% in some other.[five]
Farm Names [edit | edit source]
Subcontract names normally end with -la, -lä as in Anttila, Lukkarila and Takala. Many of the subcontract names originate in given names. For example, Pekkala is the place where Pekka lives. Information technology is commonly impossible to completely place the private who gave his proper name to the farm. The proper noun may have developed hundreds of years ago and all descendants of the original family may accept moved away and an unrelated family is now in possession of the farm, while the original proper noun of the subcontract has been in use all the time.
There are are also examples of farms which got the proper name from some family coming as settlers from some other role of the country. For example, in the 1500s someone with the proper noun Taskinen moved from Savonia to Northern Ostrobothnia, and settled on a farm which then became known as Taskila. The original family name was forgotten after a couple of generations because it was uncommon to use fixed family names in that area. Some generations later the farm is sold and the new owners start to use a family name in the commencement of 1900s. They now cull the name Taskinen. The family name has been passed over to a family without any kinship to the original Taskinen family 300 years earlier.
There are many variations of farm names, especially in Ostrobothnia. Names composed of ii different words such equally Koivuhakola (Koivu, Hakola), Tikanoja (Tikan, Oja), and Ojaharju (Oja, Harju) are common.
A separate grouping of names are the those where the first role of the proper noun changes and the second function is the same. An case is where the Nikula farm was divided into several farms, so into after smaller farms. These smaller farms may have been given a name such as Latvanikula, Alanikula, Ylänikula, Takanikula, Peränikula, Keskinikula, etc., which indicates they were originally part of the original subcontract. In that location may be difficulties in proving a relationship between the inhabitants at the different Nikula farms, because the division may have been done during a period from which no written documents are institute.
Eastern Finland [edit | edit source]
Farm names were also used in eastern Finland. Here they adult into permanent family unit surnames and did not modify as a family moved. These names often end in -la/-lä or -lainen/-läinen. Examples of these names include Heikkilä (Heikki'south farm) and Haapalainen (place of aspens).
Western Finland [edit | edit source]
Farm names were frequently used like surnames, but they referred to a person's identify of residence. Thus a person called Juho Koskiniemi lived at a place chosen Koskiniemi. If he moved, he would use the name of the new farm to indicate his residence. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, farm names ofttimes became stock-still family surnames.
Finnish-American Name Changes [edit | edit source]
Some Finnish immingrants to the U.s.a. kept all or function of their Finnish names, while other changed all or part of their proper name to get in easier for their non-Finnish neighbors and associates to identify them. Remember, the same person may announced in the records recorded with either a Swedish or Finnish form of their proper noun based on where they were living and when they were there. For instance, Juho Miilumäki may too be recorded every bit Johan Miilumäki in Finland and accept gone past either John Miilu or John Maki in the United States.
Siblings may have called to use different surnames. The sons of Juho Henrick Laurinpoika Miettunen, Juho Henrick Juhopoika and Matti Juhopoika may have been known every bit John Henry Larsen and Mathias Miettunen, giving no credible indication they are siblings. In Finland the father may announced in some records as Johan Henrik Larsson and his sons as Johan Henrik Johansson and Mathias Johansson.
Bibliography [edit | edit source]
Vilkuna, Kustaa. Suomalainen nimikirja (Finnish Name Book). Helsinki: Otava, 1984.
References [edit | edit source]
- ↑ The iii liturgical works are: Käsikirja Castesta ia muista Christikunnan Menoista, instructions for christening, marriage and burial; Messu eli Herran echtolinen the liturgy for service of Mass; and Se meiden Herran Jesusen Christusen Pina, ylesnousemus ia tauiaisen Astumus, niste Neliest Euangelisterist coghottuon, an account of the final week of Jesus Christ's mortal ministry.
- ↑ Institute for the Languages of Finland, Names Annal.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_name#Patronymics
- ↑ Harry Walli. "Finnish Genealogical Research - Methods and Sources", in World Conference on Records and Genealogical Seminar, 5-8 August 1969. Genealogical Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Table salt Lake City, 1969
- ↑ The parishes were Mäntyharju in Mikkeli, and Hämeenkyrö in Turku-Pori. These names were also found in compound given names, such equally Johan Adam and Eva Maria.
How Long Has. The Family Name Been After the Father
Source: https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Finland_Personal_Names
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